$ tb500 --references
TB-500 references: the full source register
Every citation used across the digest, indexed with PMID or DOI. The transcript's footnotes, checkable line by line.
How to read this register
These are the TB-500 references behind every quantitative claim on this site, indexed in the order they first appear. Items 1-15 are the peer-reviewed thymosin beta-4 and TB-500 literature, with PubMed IDs or DOIs for direct verification. Items 16-17 are the FDA regulatory sources behind the legal-status page. Where a finding used full-length thymosin beta-4 rather than the heptapeptide, that distinction is made on the page that cites it; this register lists the source, and the body pages carry the fragment-versus-protein tag.
The register exists because the "legit" question is a sourcing question. A claim about TB-500 is only as good as the study under it, so the studies are here in full — structural, preclinical, the single human Phase 1 of the full-length protein, the 2026 review, and the FDA listings — with nothing asserted that a reader cannot trace back to a primary source.
- Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. ↗
- Bock-Marquette I, et al. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. ↗
- Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. ↗
- Morris DC, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;345(1-2):61-67. ↗
- Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
- Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin β4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. ↗
- Grant DS, et al. Thymosin beta4 and angiogenesis: modes of action and therapeutic potential. Angiogenesis. 2007;10(2):137-143. ↗
- Jo JO, et al. Thymosin β4 induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α-dependent manner. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1803(11):1244-1251. ↗
- Kleinman HK, Sosne G. Animal studies with thymosin beta, a multifunctional tissue repair and regeneration peptide. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:179-189. ↗
- Qiu P, et al. Thymosin beta4 promotes matrix metalloproteinase expression during wound repair. J Cell Physiol. 2006;209(2):305-312. ↗
- Sosne G, et al. Thymosin beta 4 suppression of corneal NFkappaB: a potential anti-inflammatory pathway. Exp Eye Res. 2007;84(4):663-669. ↗
- Stark C, et al. Cardioprotection by systemic dosing of thymosin beta four following ischemic myocardial injury. Front Pharmacol. 2013;4:149. ↗
- Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
- Chen Y, et al. Thymosin β4 released from functionalized self-assembling peptide activates cardiac cells and promotes cardiac repair. Theranostics. 2021;11(10):4936-4951. ↗
- Zhang Y, et al. Tβ4-exosome-loaded hemostatic and antibacterial hydrogel to improve vascularized wound repair. Mater Today Bio. 2025;32:101585. ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (list entry: "Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500"; effective 2023-09-29). ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (agenda lists "TB-500 (free base)" / "TB-500 acetate," BPC-157, KPV, and MOTs-C as substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List). ↗