# TB-500 References: The Cited Thymosin Beta-4 and Regulatory Sources

> TB-500 references: every study and FDA source cited across this digest, with PMIDs, DOIs and links — the thymosin beta-4 literature and the regulatory record, indexed.

Every citation used across the digest, indexed with PMID or DOI. The transcript's footnotes, checkable line by line.

## How to read this register

These are the TB-500 references behind every quantitative claim on this site, indexed in the order they first appear. Items 1-15 are the peer-reviewed thymosin beta-4 and TB-500 literature, with PubMed IDs or DOIs for direct verification. Items 16-17 are the FDA regulatory sources behind the legal-status page. Where a finding used full-length thymosin beta-4 rather than the heptapeptide, that distinction is made on the page that cites it; this register lists the source, and the body pages carry the fragment-versus-protein tag.

The register exists because the "legit" question is a sourcing question. A claim about TB-500 is only as good as the study under it, so the studies are here in full — structural, preclinical, the single human Phase 1 of the full-length protein, the 2026 review, and the FDA listings — with nothing asserted that a reader cannot trace back to a primary source.

## References

[1] Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15329672/
[2] Bock-Marquette I, et al. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15565145/
[3] Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/
[4] Morris DC, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;345(1-2):61-67. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25060418/
[5] Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/
[6] Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin β4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536472/
[7] Grant DS, et al. Thymosin beta4 and angiogenesis: modes of action and therapeutic potential. Angiogenesis. 2007;10(2):137-143. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17632766/
[8] Jo JO, et al. Thymosin β4 induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α-dependent manner. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1803(11):1244-1251. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20691219/
[9] Kleinman HK, Sosne G. Animal studies with thymosin beta, a multifunctional tissue repair and regeneration peptide. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:179-189. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536453/
[10] Qiu P, et al. Thymosin beta4 promotes matrix metalloproteinase expression during wound repair. J Cell Physiol. 2006;209(2):305-312. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16607611/
[11] Sosne G, et al. Thymosin beta 4 suppression of corneal NFkappaB: a potential anti-inflammatory pathway. Exp Eye Res. 2007;84(4):663-669. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17254567/
[12] Stark C, et al. Cardioprotection by systemic dosing of thymosin beta four following ischemic myocardial injury. Front Pharmacol. 2013;4:149. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24348421/
[13] Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/
[14] Chen Y, et al. Thymosin β4 released from functionalized self-assembling peptide activates cardiac cells and promotes cardiac repair. Theranostics. 2021;11(10):4936-4951. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33754060/
[15] Zhang Y, et al. Tβ4-exosome-loaded hemostatic and antibacterial hydrogel to improve vascularized wound repair. Mater Today Bio. 2025;32:101585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.101585
[16] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (list entry: "Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500"; effective 2023-09-29). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks
[17] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (agenda lists "TB-500 (free base)" / "TB-500 acetate," BPC-157, KPV, and MOTs-C as substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List). https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/july-23-24-2026-meeting-pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee-07232026

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Legit TB-500 runs the thymosin beta-4 literature like a status check: the seven-mer marked present, the full-length protein where the data actually live marked separately, the human-evidence column returning zero, and FDA's standing quoted straight — a console for verifying claims, not a clinic, a pharmacy, or a place anything is sold.